India Ink: Felling Trees to Save Kashmir's Wullar Lake

A vast shoreline forest of willow trees is being chopped down and dredged out in Kashmir Valley to help restore water levels, fish stocks and wildlife in one of Asia’s largest bodies of freshwater.

The 2.2 million willows that were planted around Wullar Lake and its tributaries, fed by melted snow and ice and rain, suck up water and trap silt. They were planted from 1916 to 2002 under various government programs designed to provide firewood to the region’s residents and to dry out land for farming.

But the plantations have contributed to a halving of the lake’s surface area and destroyed marshes that protected the region from floods and seasonal water shortages. As the lake shrank, villagers’ hauls of fish and water chestnuts declined. The trees drop their leaves into the water, loading the lake with nutrients and debris.

An effort to fell the willows began Jan. 22, when state forest workers took their axes and handsaws to stands along the lake’s northeastern shoreline.

The same arboreal qualities that made the willows so attractive to government officials last century now make their removal a formidable task. The trees grow fast and recover quickly from injury.

“To save the lake you have to cut the trees,” said Ritesh Kumar, a conservation program manager at Wetlands International, which studied the lake and produced a 135-page management plan in 2007 under a state government contract. “But even if you cut them down at the roots, the shoots come back up again.”

After the trees are cut down, their severed roots and the silt they accumulated will be dredged out, a task that is expected to take five to 10 years.

The project is part of a broader effort to restore the tourist-drawing glory of the lakes and rivers that carpet the valley.

About 60 kilometers south of Wullar Lake, in the city of Srinigar, Dal Lake is a popular destination for domestic tourists. It is covered with vacation houseboats and shikaras, small tourist-ferrying vessels that resemble Venetian gondolas. But the lake becomes overly crowded in the summer, it’s heavily polluted and its water levels have fallen.

Tensions between the state government and India’s central government, the threat of terrorist attacks and disputes with nearby Pakistan have kept most visitors away from the remote Wullar Lake. Indian officials hope that restoring the region’s waterways will help woo new tourists to more secluded parts of Kashmir as long-simmering tensions gradually calm down.

But the tree-felling efforts are primarily designed to expand Wullar Lake and resuscitate shoreline marshes. The wetlands soak up water during warmer months as it gushes down from melting snow and glaciers in the Himalayas. They release it in the drier winter months, moderating a year-round flow of water to wildlife and residents, which drains into the River Indus and then south through Pakistan.

The sponge-like qualities of the marshes are becoming more important as the climate changes and upstream glaciers wither, which is increasing melt flows, according to Mr. Kumar. Mr. Kumar’s group found that 70 percent of the marshes surrounding Wullar Lake and its tributaries have disappeared, drained in some places for agriculture and displaced from others by the willows.

“To get flood protection in Srinigar, you need a flood-regulating system in Wullar,” Mr. Kumar said. “If Wullar Lake is not able to perform that soaking function, Srinigar is going to head into a water crisis of extreme order. You get more floods and you get more droughts.”

The Indian government is financing the tree-removal effort, but the 1.2 billion rupees ($22.3 million) so far set aside for the project will meet less than one-third of the total needed to complete the task, according to Abdul Razak, chief executive director of the Wullar Conservation and Management Authority, a state agency.

Mr. Razak said he is confident that the Indian government will eventually fully finance the project. “The money will definitely come,” he said. “They have promised me.”

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Looks Like Alicia Keys Will Play Piano During Super Bowl National Anthem

Alicia Keys woke up on Super Bowl Sunday and apparently had the urge to tweet, sharing a rehearsal photo of herself behind a piano in an empty Mercedes-Benz Superdome.

Keys, who was just named Blackberry’s global creative director, will sing “The Star-Spangled Banner” before kickoff and the photo suggests she’ll do so while playing piano.

[More from Mashable: Super Bowl 2013 Commercials: Watch Them All Here]

If Keys does pound the keys tonight, she will be the first musician to do so during a Super Bowl national anthem performance since Billy Joel in 2007 (see video in gallery below).

Update: Keys also tweeted the red dress she’ll wear during her performance.

[More from Mashable: Beyonce’s Super Bowl Show in 10 Fierce Photos]

Kelly Clarkson sang the national anthem in 2012, a year after Christina Aguilera flubbed the song’s lyrics at the previous Super Bowl (watch below). Other past performers include Whitney Houston, Garth Brooks, Mariah Carey, Faith Hill, Neil Diamond, Diana Ross, Jewel, Harry Connick Jr., Dixie Chicks and Cher.

Keys, a 14-time Grammy winner, will embark on a North American concert tour in March. Her fifth studio album, Girl on Fire, debuted atop the Billboard 200 albums chart in November.

Keys is set to perform the national anthem at 6:30 p.m. ET on CBS.

Click here to view the gallery: Previous National Anthem Singers at the Super Bowl

Image via Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images

This story originally published on Mashable here.

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What Football Game? Beyoncé Rocks the Superdome in Leather & Lace

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Style News Now

02/03/2013 at 09:06 PM ET

One thing was certain going into Super Bowl XLVII: Beyoncé was going to put on a killer halftime show, and she was going to look amazing doing it. And if she practiced until her feet bled, there was no sign of it as she danced in her towering heels.

To strut out onstage during ‘Crazy In Love,’ the star wore an uncharacteristically demure belted lamé mini with wide lapels, but she quickly tore it away to reveal a leather bodysuit with a black lace skirt worn over her signature fishnets. She completed the look with thigh-highs and sexy black booties.

Destiny’s Child fans missing the trio’s epic matching outfits were given a treat when Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams proved the rumors true, joining Beyoncé onstage for a medley that included ‘Bootylicious’ and ‘Single Ladies.’ Their costumes echoed Bey’s: Rowland wore a revealing V-neck Emilio Pucci bodysuit, while Williams was glam in a tough-girl ribbed leather mini.

And to ensure that Beyoncé’s hair was supremely whip-able (as demonstrated during ‘Baby Boy’ and ‘Halo’), stylist Kim Kimble gave her a “soft glam” look by curling it, then brushing out the curls and smoothing them with Kimble Hair Care Brazilian Nut and Acai serum. She sprayed it with L’Oréal’s classic Elnett hairspray to ensure it wouldn’t budge no matter what the superstar put it through.

Tell us: What did you think of Beyoncé’s Super Bowl outfit — and the Destiny’s Child reunion looks?

–Alex Apatoff

PHOTOS: VOTE ON MORE STAR STYLE HERE!

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Bullying study: It does get better for gay teens

CHICAGO (AP) — It really does get better for gay and bisexual teens when it comes to being bullied, although young gay men have it worse than their lesbian peers, according to the first long-term scientific evidence on how the problem changes over time.

The seven-year study involved more than 4,000 teens in England who were questioned yearly through 2010, until they were 19 and 20 years old. At the start, just over half of the 187 gay, lesbian and bisexual teens said they had been bullied; by 2010 that dropped to 9 percent of gay and bisexual boys and 6 percent of lesbian and bisexual girls.

The researchers said the same results likely would be found in the United States.

In both countries, a "sea change" in cultural acceptance of gays and growing intolerance for bullying occurred during the study years, which partly explains the results, said study co-author Ian Rivers, a psychologist and professor of human development at Brunel University in London.

That includes a government mandate in England that schools work to prevent bullying, and changes in the United States permitting same-sex marriage in several states.

In 2010, syndicated columnist Dan Savage launched the "It Gets Better" video project to encourage bullied gay teens. It was prompted by widely publicized suicides of young gays, and includes videos from politicians and celebrities.

"Bullying tends to decline with age regardless of sexual orientation and gender," and the study confirms that, said co-author Joseph Robinson, a researcher and assistant professor of educational psychology at the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. "In absolute terms, this would suggest that yes, it gets better."

The study appears online Monday in the journal Pediatrics.

Eliza Byard, executive director of the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network, said the results mirror surveys by her anti-bullying advocacy group that show bullying is more common in U.S. middle schools than in high schools.

But the researchers said their results show the situation is more nuanced for young gay men.

In the first years of the study, gay boys and girls were almost twice as likely to be bullied as their straight peers. By the last year, bullying dropped overall and was at about the same level for lesbians and straight girls. But the difference between men got worse by ages 19 and 20, with gay young men almost four times more likely than their straight peers to be bullied.

The mixed results for young gay men may reflect the fact that masculine tendencies in girls and women are more culturally acceptable than femininity in boys and men, Robinson said.

Savage, who was not involved in the study, agreed.

"A lot of the disgust that people feel when you bring up homosexuality ... centers around gay male sexuality," Savage said. "There's more of a comfort level" around gay women, he said.

Kendall Johnson, 21, a junior theater major at the University of Illinois, said he was bullied for being gay in high school, mostly when he brought boyfriends to school dances or football games.

"One year at prom, I had a guy tell us that we were disgusting and he didn't want to see us dancing anymore," Johnson said. A football player and the president of the drama club intervened on his behalf, he recalled.

Johnson hasn't been bullied in college, but he said that's partly because he hangs out with the theater crowd and avoids the fraternity scene. Still, he agreed, that it generally gets better for gays as they mature.

"As you grow older, you become more accepting of yourself," Johnson said.

___

Online:

Pediatrics: http://www.pediatrics.org

It Gets Better: http://www.itgetsbetter.org

___

AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/LindseyTanner

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LAUSD league unites students with, without disabilities

Half a dozen arms reached for the sky, some gently grazing a basketball as it escaped the court and thudded out of bounds at the Edward Roybal Learning Center. Despite their best efforts at trying to keep the ball in the game, both teams showed no hint of defeat, even after one was declared the winner.

The Los Angeles Unified School District/Special Olympics Unified Basketball League's Eastern finals were underway, and the mood was decidedly different from that of other sports finals. Teammates, cheerleaders and spectators rooted for their players on the court — no matter the score, the turnover or the mistake.

The league is part of Project Unify, in which sports teams and cheer squads are made up of students with and without disabilities. The goal is to help students of all capabilities interact with one another outside of their regular group of friends, district officials said.

"What better way to build the integration and break down the barriers than through play?" asked Cyndi Martinich, coordinator of the district's adapted physical education program.

In 2010, the U.S. Government Accountability Office found that students with disabilities benefited just as much from participating in physical education and sports as their peers in regular classes but were involved at a much lower rate. More recently, the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights clarified legal obligations for school districts to provide access to sports for students with disabilities.

For L.A. Unified, integration has long been a priority.

"We have been cutting-edge for years" in regard to physical education for students with disabilities, said Martinich, who has overseen the program and its 176 adapted physical education teachers for 13 years.

Its latest effort — a seven-year partnership with the Special Olympics of Southern California — has allowed the district to offer more extracurricular programs. These help foster an inclusive culture on campus by providing funding for specialized transportation and other accommodations that have been difficult amid budget cuts, district officials said.

When the league was introduced to schools last year, only six signed up to participate. This year, 19 teams clamored for the championship trophy.

Watching the game from chairs under a patch of shade, Robert Ortiz cheered as one of his schoolmates scored a basket. The 16-year-old junior at Belmont High School has a special education "partner" he checks in with twice a week and had come to support.

"They're not as different as we thought they were," Ortiz said, reflecting on his time with the class. His partner, Dennis, who is autistic, "asks me to come to his games and gets really excited when I show up. He's really social."

Rules and guidelines were formulated especially for the league games. Team members who aren't in special education wear yellow wristbands for identification and are not allowed to score two consecutive baskets — to further the idea of integration rather than domination.

Some teachers noted that the interaction is a way for the special education students to build physical coordination, self-esteem and confidence.

"They have something inspiring them to come to school" and it allows them to interact with other students, said Bernadine Robinson, a special education teacher at Roybal. "They're no different. They might have a deficiency, but they're human, too."

Roybal Learning Center and Contreras Learning Center advanced to the Feb. 14 city-wide championship at Roybal.

dalina.castellanos@latimes.com

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IHT Rendezvous: In Villages, Praying for the Souls of Tibetan Self-Immolators

BEIJING — Since November, when cold winter began in the high Tibetan Plateau, thousands of Tibetan villagers have been gathering daily to pray for the souls of the nearly 100 Tibetans who have burned themselves to death in protest over Chinese rule, in a show of widespread support for the self-immolators among ordinary people, according to witness testimony from a person recently returned from the region.

In traditional winter prayer meetings in villages, they gather to chant “Om mani padme hum,” Tibetan Buddhism’s most important mantra, which speeds a soul toward a good reincarnation, said the person, who witnessed a meeting in the Tibetan region of Qinghai Province in China.

The meetings are a sign of support for the self-immolators and point to widespread dislike among ordinary Tibetans for repressive policies in the region that have turned it into an “open-air prison,” said one ethnic Tibetan police officer in Lhasa, quoted by the witness.

The witness cannot be identified because of the high risk of persecution by the Chinese authorities. But the reliable account of ongoing, severe repression and resentment among Tibetans confirms other reports from the Tibet Autonomous Region or from Tibetan regions in Chinese provinces, where the authorities have been cracking down as they try to stop the spread of the self-immolations.

Chinese courts last week sentenced eight Tibetans for helping self-immolators, The Associated Press reported, including one man to death with a two-year reprieve, and others to between 3 and 12 years in jail, according to Xinhua, the state news agency.

The detail and content of the grass-roots prayer meetings is new.

“The meetings are a traditional thing to do during the winter and are held daily in different villages, and last three days,” the witness said. They are known in Chinese as “fahui,” or dharma meetings (also Buddhist law meetings).

“People drive on motorbikes for long distances, 50 or 60 kilometers, to whichever village is holding a prayer meeting. It’s mostly adults, and they are anywhere between 16 and over 80 years old. As soon as they can drive a motorbike, they’ll go,” the person said.

“Around 1,000 people may attend, often going from one meeting to another without returning home.”

“Their aim is for each meeting to have chanted ‘Om mani padme hum’ 100 million times. There’s no question that they regard the self-immolators as very great, and believe that with the help of their prayers, they will come back as powerful and blessed people,” said the person, who confessed to having reservations about the self-immolations.

Yet, “It’s extremely moving. Because if the self-immolations really were a mistake, how could they get so much support and sympathy form ordinary people?”

As my colleague Jim Yardley reports from India, where many Tibetans live in exile, some there are questioning the self-immolations.

The witness confirmed that, saying: “There is a feeling among some Tibetans,” especially monks or those in the religious hierarchy, “that the Dalai Lama needs to say something to stop it.”

Yet Tibetans who are deeply unhappy with Chinese rule are constrained in how they can protest.

“The problem is that Tibetans are Buddhists. The way things are there now, in other places, people might rise up and set off bombs. But they can’t do that because Buddhists believe you shouldn’t destroy other people’s happiness. So the only way they can protest is by killing themselves,” the person said.

And so the grass-roots support goes on.

The testimony from this person also confirmed reports of a very harsh crackdown under way in Lhasa, seat of the Jokhang, Tibet’s holiest temple, and the Potala Palace, the former home of the Dalai Lama, whom Tibetans revere and who has lived in exile since fleeing the Chinese in 1959.

The crackdown, in response to the self-immolations that began not long after an uprising in Lhasa was crushed in 2008, has turned Tibet into “an open-air prison,” said an ethnic Tibetan police officer. Like some other ethnic Tibetan police officers, he was considering resigning his post, he said.

“Lhasa used to be a sacred place for Buddhism. Now it’s a sacred place for Marxism-Leninism,” he said. “Every day there are meetings where leaders both big and small tell you that maintaining stability,” or “weiwen,” in Chinese, “is the most important thing, what the main tasks in Lhasa are. Lhasa is no longer a Buddhist sacred place,” he said.

“Lhasa is stuffed with police, every 10 paces there are several. I am growing to hate my own work. It’s really not possible to keep doing it. Some have already resigned,” he told the witness.

The crackdown includes forbidding ethnic Tibetans from the outlying regions, like Qinghai or Sichuan Provinces, which lie outside Tibet proper, from traveling to Tibet and is strictly enforced at airports and other transport nodes. Ethnic Han Chinese, however, can pass, effectively making Tibet out of bounds for many Tibetans.

Any Tibetan from outside the region wishing to travel to Lhasa must have a “sponsor” in the city working for the government, the witness said. They must surrender their identity cards and be photographed. Uniformed and plainclothes police officers and military patrol heavily in the city, trying to stop self-immolations.

The ban on ethnic Tibetans from outside Tibet, many of whom have traditionally taken pilgrimages to Lhasa, means that hotels and other businesses in the city have suffered since last May when they were ordered shut to such travelers. A petition is currently circulating from hotel owners asking the government to compensate them financially, “or we will take our request higher.” For reasons of political sensitivity, the petition, which has been seen by this newspaper, cannot be discussed in detail.

It is also extremely difficult for ordinary ethnic Tibetans to get a passport, meaning they cannot travel overseas, the witness said. The person believes the government’s motive is to minimize accounts, like this one, of the harsh repression in the region.

“They don’t want Tibetans leaving the country and telling the world what’s happening there. Hundreds of people leaving and telling the world is very different from one or two,” the person said.

With the Lunar New Year approaching, the prayer meetings will soon be scaled back, as farm work and animal husbandry resume. For now, though, the villagers are praying hard for the souls of the dead, millions of mantras circulating in the thin air of the plateau.

“They say, we want their lives to come back. We want world peace. They pray for Tibet to have peaceful and happy days, and the world, too,” the person said.

Said the police officer: “Living in this tightly controlled atmosphere is unbearable. There’s no feeling of happiness. But maybe it’s good this way, it may speed up the day when the situation has to change. But I don’t have the courage to self-immolate. Maybe after I retire I’ll go to Beijing and petition.”

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5 Fascinating Facts We Learned From Reddit This Week

Click here to view the gallery: Reddit Facts 2/2

If you’ve ever wanted to learn how to game the French lottery of 1728 (and who hasn’t, amirite?), you’ve come to the right place. This week’s edition of Reddit Facts has some delightful tidbits about the Fab Four, a famous photograph and a funky fruit.

[More from Mashable: 10 Quirky Etsy Finds to Celebrate Groundhog Day]

Homepage image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons.

[More from Mashable: 10 Valentine’s Day Gifts for the Special Geek in Your Life]

This story originally published on Mashable here.

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Busy Philipps Feels No Pressure to Bounce Back After Baby

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Busy Philipps may be willing to dish out style advice to fellow expectant mamas — but she’s not about to start breaking out the postpartum weight loss lectures.

Currently pregnant with her second child, the Cougar Town star admits that while her celebrity status opens her up for public scrutiny, she’s not planning a big bounceback after baby.

“Like most things in this business, I think that you have to do what’s right for you and you can’t be too concerned about what some magazine is going to write about you,” Philipps, 33, tells HuffPost Celebrity.

“We’re in a business where a lot of people are blessed with pretty incredible bodies, that they work hard for or comes naturally, and not everybody has the same body.”

According to Philipps, staying healthy is priority during pregnancy and women “should be given a break” when it comes to packing on the extra pounds — especially by those dubious doctors!

“It’s interesting when people make comments about celebrities’ weight gain or lack of weight gain as if they’re a medical professional that’s treating that celebrity,” she notes. “Like, ‘This doctor does not treat Jessica Simpson, but thinks her weight is unhealthy.’ If you don’t treat her, then how do you know?”

After the arrival of daughter Birdie Leigh, now 4, the actress took her time regaining her post-baby bod — a journey, she says, lasted almost a year — preferring to instead instill a positive attitude (and approach) in her little girl.

“I wanted to be healthy for her and have a healthy body image so that she hopefully grows up to see that her self worth isn’t defined by how thin she is,” Philipps explains.

“Thrilled to be expecting another baby with husband Marc Silverstein, Philipps wasn’t sure if expanding their tight-knit trio was even in the cards for the couple. No one, however, was more ecstatic over the news than the big sister-to-be, whose wish is finally coming true.

“My daughter is very excited … it’s actually something that she has asked for for quite some time,” she says. “My husband and I were on the fence about whether or not we were going to add to our family, but now that we’re on our road, we’re really excited.”

– Anya Leon

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New rules aim to get rid of junk foods in schools

WASHINGTON (AP) — Most candy, high-calorie drinks and greasy meals could soon be on a food blacklist in the nation's schools.

For the first time, the government is proposing broad new standards to make sure all foods sold in schools are more healthful.

Under the new rules the Agriculture Department proposed Friday, foods like fatty chips, snack cakes, nachos and mozzarella sticks would be taken out of lunch lines and vending machines. In their place would be foods like baked chips, trail mix, diet sodas, lower-calorie sports drinks and low-fat hamburgers.

The rules, required under a child nutrition law passed by Congress in 2010, are part of the government's effort to combat childhood obesity. While many schools already have improved their lunch menus and vending machine choices, others still are selling high-fat, high-calorie foods.

Under the proposal, the Agriculture Department would set fat, calorie, sugar and sodium limits on almost all foods sold in schools. Current standards already regulate the nutritional content of school breakfasts and lunches that are subsidized by the federal government, but most lunchrooms also have "a la carte" lines that sell other foods. Food sold through vending machines and in other ways outside the lunchroom has never before been federally regulated.

"Parents and teachers work hard to instill healthy eating habits in our kids, and these efforts should be supported when kids walk through the schoolhouse door," Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack said.

Most snacks sold in school would have to have less than 200 calories. Elementary and middle schools could sell only water, low-fat milk or 100 percent fruit or vegetable juice. High schools could sell some sports drinks, diet sodas and iced teas, but the calories would be limited. Drinks would be limited to 12-ounce portions in middle schools and to 8-ounce portions in elementary schools.

The standards will cover vending machines, the "a la carte" lunch lines, snack bars and any other foods regularly sold around school. They would not apply to in-school fundraisers or bake sales, though states have the power to regulate them. The new guidelines also would not apply to after-school concessions at school games or theater events, goodies brought from home for classroom celebrations, or anything students bring for their own personal consumption.

The new rules are the latest in a long list of changes designed to make foods served in schools more healthful and accessible. Nutritional guidelines for the subsidized lunches were revised last year and put in place last fall. The 2010 child nutrition law also provided more money for schools to serve free and reduced-cost lunches and required more meals to be served to hungry kids.

Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, has been working for two decades to take junk foods out of schools. He calls the availability of unhealthful foods around campus a "loophole" that undermines the taxpayer money that helps pay for the healthier subsidized lunches.

"USDA's proposed nutrition standards are a critical step in closing that loophole and in ensuring that our schools are places that nurture not just the minds of American children but their bodies as well," Harkin said.

Last year's rules faced criticism from some conservatives, including some Republicans in Congress, who said the government shouldn't be telling kids what to eat. Mindful of that backlash, the Agriculture Department exempted in-school fundraisers from federal regulation and proposed different options for some parts of the rule, including the calorie limits for drinks in high schools, which would be limited to either 60 calories or 75 calories in a 12-ounce portion.

The department also has shown a willingness to work with schools to resolve complaints that some new requirements are hard to meet. Last year, for example, the government relaxed some limits on meats and grains in subsidized lunches after school nutritionists said they weren't working.

Schools, the food industry, interest groups and other critics or supporters of the new proposal will have 60 days to comment and suggest changes. A final rule could be in place as soon as the 2014 school year.

Margo Wootan, a nutrition lobbyist for the Center for Science in the Public Interest, said surveys by her organization show that most parents want changes in the lunchroom.

"Parents aren't going to have to worry that kids are using their lunch money to buy candy bars and a Gatorade instead of a healthy school lunch," she said.

The food industry has been onboard with many of the changes, and several companies worked with Congress on the child nutrition law two years ago. Major beverage companies have already agreed to take the most caloric sodas out of schools. But those same companies, including Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, also sell many of the non-soda options, like sports drinks, and have lobbied to keep them in vending machines.

A spokeswoman for the American Beverage Association, which represents the soda companies, says they already have greatly reduced the number of calories that kids are consuming at school by pulling out the high-calorie sodas.

___

Follow Mary Clare Jalonick on Twitter at http://twitter.com/mcjalonick

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Performing well at this decathlon is the smart thing to do

A triumphal march blared and the crowd roared Saturday afternoon as hundreds of competitors filed into the massive gymnasium at the Roybal Learning Center.

The high school students were pumped — some teams danced a little to get warmed up, and at least one team had their school mascot there to root them on — and they were prepared, having spent months training for this moment.

Some of the students carried themselves with the intensity of gladiators stepping into the ring. The challenge before them was a purely intellectual one, but it was still daunting: The last leg of Los Angeles Unified's regional Academic Decathlon was about to begin.

They'd taken tests on mathematics, music, arts and science. They'd been interviewed by judges and had to give a speech. And now it was time for the Super Quiz, a high-pressure, multiple-choice relay that is the 10-subject competition's only public event. (This year's theme: Russia.)

The students — from 58 high schools in the district — faced questions about Peter the Great's influence on art and architecture, the significance of Sputnik and the hurdles Russia faced after the fall of communism. And they had to answer them as family and friends — and their rivals — looked on.

Marshall and Granada Hills Charter high schools, typical powerhouses, were the top performers in the Super Quiz, according to a preliminary tally. The final results for the entire competition will be announced Friday.

"It's daunting," said Evae Silva, an English teacher who coaches Verdugo Hills' decathlon team, "the amount of material they cover and the hours they put in. You have to expect a lot of out of them."

Silva, who previously coached athletics, said putting together a decathlon team — which consists of nine students, with a mix of A, B and C grade-point averages — isn't all that different from recruiting for track and field. Talent and intelligence matter, but what matters more? "Commitment, enthusiasm and the willingness to put in the work," he said.

When he coached cross country and track and field, he said, "I had to coach them to be faster than I am. Now I have to teach them to be smarter than I am. I have to prepare them to perform."

Decathletes are a special breed of high schooler. Not all students want to hand over their free time, especially the seniors, to study things for which they won't get a grade.

Dylan Bladen, a senior at Los Angeles High School, said that when his coach first tried to recruit him, he gave him a few pages of study material for the art portion of the competition. Bladen balked. "Oh, no! I'm not doing this," he recalled thinking.

Months later, it's a different story. "I was complaining about three pages," Bladen said. But the workload had probably gotten up to "thousands of pages and probably thousands of hours too!"

They say they do it because they thrive on having to confront something more difficult than the rest of their schoolwork. "Normal school is mundane and annoying to me, and this provided a challenge," said Maxwell Lederer, 17, a senior at Venice High School. A Soviet flag, with the hammer and sickle, was draped over his shoulders.

Camaraderie is forged among teammates as the season progresses. They have their inside jokes and pick on one another like siblings. But they depend on one another too, especially for motivation. "At one point, I was doing it more for them," Bladen said, pointing to his team.

For some schools, their preparation consisted of hours of late nights after school and weekend practices. It's exhausting, said Oriel Gomez, a South East High School senior. But it pays off come competition time, facing test after test.

"You realize you have the answer," he said, "and you have no doubt about it."

rick.rojas@latimes.com

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